The Theogony of Hesiod

1	Once when Demeter, daughter of Kronos and Rhea, was going through the world, making men's fields fertile, she heard a cry that came to her from across high mountains and mounted up to her from the sea.
2	These have no house apart from Zeus, nor any dwelling nor path except that wherein God leads them, but they dwell always with Zeus the loud-thunderer.
3	For so did Styx the deathless daughter of Ocean plan on that day when the Olympian Lightener called all the deathless gods to great Olympus, and said that whosoever of the gods would fight with him against the Titans, he would not cast him out from his rights, but each should have the office which he had before amongst the deathless gods.
4	Demeter's heart shook when she heard that cry, for she knew that it came to her from her daughter, from the maiden Persephone.
5	She stayed not in the fields, but she hurried, hurried away to Sicily and to the fields of Enna, where she had left Persephone.
6	And he declared that he who was without office and rights as is just.
7	So deathless Styx came first to Olympus with her children through the wit of her dear father. And Zeus honoured her, and gave her very great gifts, for her he appointed to be the great oath of the gods, and her children to live with him always. And as he promised, so he performed fully unto them all.
8	All Enna she searched, and all Sicily, but she found no trace of Persephone, nor of the maidens with whom Persephone had been playing.
9	From all whom she met she begged for tidings, but although some had seen the maidens gathering flowers and playing together, no one could tell Demeter why her child had cried out nor where she had since gone.
10	But he himself mightily reigns and rules.
11	(Iliad. 404-452) Again, Phoebe came to the desired embrace of Coeus.
12	There were some who could have told her.
13	One was a nymph.
14	Then the goddess through the love of the god conceived and brought forth dark-gowned Leto, always mild, kind to men and to the deathless gods, mild from the beginning, gentlest in all Olympus.
15	Also she bare Asteria of happy name, whom Perses once led to his great house to be called his dear wife. And she conceived and bare Hecate whom Zeus the son of Cronos honoured above all.
16	But she, before Demeter came to her, had been changed into a spring of water.
17	And now, not being able to speak and tell Demeter where her child had gone and who had carried her away, she showed in the water the girdle of Persephone that she had caught in her hands.
18	He gave her splendid gifts, to have a share of the earth and the unfruitful sea.
19	She received honour also in starry heaven, and is honoured exceedingly by the deathless gods.
20	And Demeter, finding the girdle of her daughter in the spring, knew that she had been carried off by violence.
21	She lighted a torch at Ætna's burning mountain, and for nine days and nine nights she went searching for her through the darkened places of the earth.
22	For to this day, whenever any one of men on earth offers rich sacrifices and prays for favour according to custom, he calls upon Hecate.
23	Great honour comes full easily to him whose prayers the goddess receives favourably, and she bestows wealth upon him; for the power surely is with her.
24	Then, upon a high and a dark hill, the Goddess Demeter came face to face with Hekate, the Moon.
25	Hekate, too, had heard the cry of Persephone;
26	For as many as were born of Earth and Ocean amongst all these she has her due portion.
27	she had sorrow for Demeter's sorrow:
28	she spoke to her as the two stood on that dark, high hill, and told her that she should go to Helios for tidings--to bright Helios, the watcher for the Gods, and beg Helios to tell her who it was who had carried off by violence her child Persephone.
29	Demeter came to Helios.
30	He was standing before his shining steeds, before the impatient steeds that drew the sun through the course of the heavens.
31	Demeter stood in the way of those impatient steeds; she begged of Helios who sees all things upon the earth to tell her who it was who had carried off by violence Persephone, her child.
32	And Helios, who may make no concealment, said, "Queenly Demeter, know that the King of the Underworld, dark Hades, has carried off Persephone to make her his Queen in the realm that I never shine upon."
33	He spoke, and as he did, his horses shook their manes and breathed out fire, impatient to be gone.
34	Helios sprang into his chariot and went flashing away.
35	Demeter, knowing that one of the Gods had carried off Persephone against her will, and knowing that what was done had been by the will of Zeus, would go no more into the assemblies of the Olympians.
36	She quenched the torch that she had held in her hands for nine days and nine nights;
37	she put off her robe of Goddess, and she went wandering over the earth, uncomforted for the loss of her child.
38	No longer did she appear as a Goddess gracious to men;
39	no longer did she bless their fields.
40	None of the things that it pleased her once to do would Demeter do any longer.
41	Persephone had been playing with the nymphs who are the Daughters of Ocean in the lovely fields of Enna.
42	They went to gather the flowers that grow there in the spring-time irises and crocuses, lilies, hyacinths, and rose-blooms.
43	As they went gathering flowers in their baskets they had sight of the pool that the white swans come to sing in.
44	Beside a deep chasm that had been made in the earth a wonder-flower was growing—
45	in colour it was like the crocus, but it sent forth a perfume that was like the perfume of a hundred flowers.
46	And Persephone, as she went towards it, thought that having gathered that flower she would have something more wonderful than her companions had.
47	She did not know that Hades, the Lord of the Underworld, had caused the flower to grow there so that she might be drawn by it to the chasm that he had made.
48	As Persephone stooped to pluck the wonder-flower, dark Hades, in his chariot of iron, dashed up through the chasm, and, grasping the maiden by the waist, set her beside him.
49	Only Cyane, the nymph, tried to save Persephone, and it was then that she caught her girdle in her hands.
50	The maiden cried out, first because her flowers had been spilled, and then because she was being reft away.
51	She cried out to her mother, and her cry went over the high mountains and sounded up from the sea.
52	The Daughters of Ocean, affrighted, fled and sank down into the depths of the sea.
53	In his great chariot of iron that was drawn by black steeds, Hades rushed down through the chasm that had been made.
54	Into the Under. world he went; he dashed across the River Styx, and brought the chariot up beside his throne.
55	And on his dark throne he seated Persephone, the fainting daughter of Demeter.
56	No more did the Goddess Demeter make fertile the fields of men:
57	weeds grew where crops should be growing;
58	men feared that in a while they would famish for lack of bread.
59	She wandered through the world, her thought all upon her child, Persephone, who had been taken from her.
60	Once she sat by a well by a wayside, thinking upon the daughter whom she might not come to and who might not come to her.
61	She saw four maidens come near; their grace and their youth reminded her of her Persephone.
62	They stepped lightly along, carrying bronze pitchers in their hands, for they were coming to the Well of the Maidens beside which Demeter sat.
63	The maidens thought when they looked upon her that the Goddess was some ancient woman who had a sorrow in her heart.
64	Seeing that she was so noble and so sorrowful looking, the maidens, as they drew clear water into their pitchers, spoke kindly to her.
65	"Why do you stay away from the town, mother?" one of the maidens asked.
66	"Why do you not come to the houses?
67	We think that you look as if you were shelterless and alone, and we should like to tell you that there are many houses in our town where you would be welcomed."
68	Demeter's heart went out to the maidens because they looked so young and fair and simple and spoke out of such kind hearts.
69	She said to them: "Where can I go, dear children?
70	My people are far away, and there are none in all the world who would care to be near me."
71	Said one of the maidens, "There are princes in the land who would welcome you in their houses if you would consent to nurse one of their young children.
72	But why do I speak of other princes beside Keleos, our father?
73	In his house you would, indeed, have welcome.
74	But lately a babe has been born to Metaneira, our mother, and she would greatly rejoice to have one as wise as you to nurse little Demophon."
75	All the time that she watched them and listened to their voices Demeter felt that the grace and youth of the maidens made them like her Persephone.
76	She thought that it would ease her heart to be in the house where these maidens were, and she was not loath to have them go and ask of their mother to have her come to nurse the infant child.
77	Swiftly they ran back to their home, their hair streaming behind them like crocus flowers, kind and lovely girls whose names are well remembered--Kallidike and Kleisidike, Demo and Kallithoe.
78	They went to their mother and they told her of the stranger woman whose name was Doso.
79	She would make a wise and kind nurse for little Demophon, they said.
80	Their mother, Metaneira, rose up from the couch she was sitting on to welcome the stranger. But when she saw her at the door, awe came over her, so majestical the stranger seemed.
81	Metaneira would have her seat herself on the couch, but the Goddess took the lowliest stool, saying in greeting, "May the Gods give you all good, lady."
82	"Sorrow has set you wandering from your good home," said Metaneira to the Goddess, "but now that you have come to this place you shall have all that this house can bestow if you will rear the infant Demophon, child of many hopes and prayers."
83	The child was put into the arms of Demeter;
84	she clasped him to her breast, and little Demophon looked up into her face and smiled.
85	Then Demeter's heart went out to the child and to all who were of that household.
86	He grew in strength and beauty in her charge.
87	And little Demophon was not nourished as other children are nourished, but even as the Gods in their childhood were nourished.
88	Demeter fed him on ambrosia, breathing on him with her divine breath the while.
89	And at night she laid him on the hearth, amongst the embers, with the fire all around him.
90	This she did that she might make him immortal, and like to the Gods.
91	But one night Metaneira looked out from the chamber where she lay, and she saw the nurse take little Demophon and lay him in a place on the hearth, with the burning brands all round him.
92	Then Metaneira started up;
93	she sprang to the hearth, and she snatched the child from beside the burning brands.
94	"Demophon, my son," she cried, "what would this stranger woman do to you, bringing bitter grief to me that ever I let her take you in her arms?"
95	Then said Demeter, "Foolish, indeed, are you mortals, and not able to foresee what is to come to you of good or of evil!
96	Foolish, indeed, are you, Metaneira, for in your heedlessness you have cut off this child from an immortality like to the immortality of the Gods themselves.
97	For he had lain in my bosom, and had become dear to me, and I would have bestowed on him the greatest gift that the Divine Ones can bestow.
98	I would have made him deathless and unaging.
99	All this, now, has gone by. Honour he shall have, indeed, but Demophon will know age and death."
100	The seeming old age that had been upon her had fallen from Demeter;
101	beauty and stature were hers, and from her robe there came a heavenly fragrance.
102	There came such light from her body that the chamber shone.
103	Metaneira remained there, trembling and speechless, unmindful even to take up the child that had been laid upon the ground.
104	It was then that his sisters heard Demophon wail.
105	One ran from her chamber and took the child in her arms; another kindled again the fire on the hearth; the others made ready to bathe and care for the infant.
106	All night they cared for him, holding him in their arms and at their breasts, but the child would not be comforted;
107	the nurses who handled him now were less skillful than was the Goddess-nurse.
108	As for Demeter, she left the house of Keleos and went upon her way, lonely in her heart, and unappeased.
109	And in the world that she wandered through, the plough went in vain through the ground;
110	the furrow was sown without any avail, and the race of men saw themselves near perishing for lack of bread.
111	Once again Demeter came near the Well of the Maidens.
112	She thought of the daughters of Keleos as they came towards the well that day, the bronze pitchers in their hands, and with kind looks for the Stranger—
113	she thought of them as she sat by the well again.
114	And then She thought of little Demophon, the child she had held at her breast.
115	No stir of living was in the land near their home; only weeds grew in their fields.
116	As she sat there and looked around her there came into Demeter's heart a pity for the people in whose house she had dwelt.
117	She rose up and she went into the house of Keleos.
118	She found the king beside the house measuring out a little grain.
119	The Goddess went to him; she told him that because of the love she bore his household she would bless his fields so that the seed he had sown in them would come to growth.
120	Keleos rejoiced; he called all the people together;
121	they would raise a temple there to Demeter, they vowed.
122	She went through the fields and blessed them, and the seed they had sown began to grow. And the Goddess for a while dwelt amongst the people. The place was Eleusis.
123	But still she kept away from the assemblies of the Gods.
124	Zeus sent a messenger to her-Iris with the golden wings--bidding her to Olympos.
125	Demeter would not join the Olympians.
126	Then, one after another, the Gods and Goddesses of Olympos came to her;
127	no one was able to make her cease from grieving for Persephone, or to go again into the company of the immortal Gods.
128	And so it came about that Zeus was compelled to send a messenger down to the Underworld to bring Persephone back to the mother who had grieved so much for the loss of her.
129	Hermes was the messenger whom Zeus sent.
130	Through the darkened places of the earth Hermes went, and he came to the dark throne where Hades sat, Persephone beside him.
131	Then Hermes spoke to the Lord of the Underworld, saying that Zeus commanded that Persephone should come forth from the Underworld that her mother might look upon her.
132	Persephone, hearing of the word of Zeus that might not be gainsaid, uttered the only cry that had left her lips since she had sent out that cry that had reached her mother's heart.
133	And Hades, hearing the command of Zeus that might not be denied, bowed his dark, majestic head.
134	She might go to the Upperworld and rest herself in the arms of her mother, he said.
135	And then he cried out, "Ah, Persephone, strive to feel kindliness in your heart towards me who carried you off by violence and against your will.
136	I can give to you one of the great kingdoms that the Olympians rule over, albeit that it is a dark kingdom.
137	And I, who am brother to Zeus, am a fitting husband for you, Demeter's child."
138	So Hades, the dark Lord of the Underworld, said, and he made ready the chariot with the deathless horses that Persephone might go up from his kingdom.
139	Beside the single tree in his domain Hades stayed his chariot.
140	A single fruit grew upon that tree, a bright pomegranate fruit.
141	Persephone stood up in the chariot and plucked the fruit from the tree.
142	Then did Hades prevail upon her to divide the fruit; having divided it, Persephone ate seven of the pomegranate seeds.
143	It was Hermes who took the whip and shook the reins of the chariot.
144	He drove on, and neither the sea nor the water-courses, nor the glens, nor the mountain-peaks, stayed the deathless horses of Hades;
145	soon the chariot was brought near to where Demeter awaited the coming of her daughter.
146	And when, from a hilltop, Demeter saw the chariot approaching, like a wild bird she flew to clasp her child.
147	Persephone, when she saw her mother's dear eyes, sprang out of the chariot, and fell upon her neck and embraced her.
148	Long and long Demeter held her dear child in her arms, gazing, gazing upon her.
149	Suddenly her mind misgave her.
150	With a great fear at her heart she cried out, "Dearest, has any food passed your lips in all the time you have been in the Underworld?"
151	She had not tasted food in all the time she had been there, Persephone said.
152	And then, suddenly, she remembered the pomegranate that Hades had asked her to divide.
153	When she told how she had eaten seven seeds from it, Demeter wept; her tears fell upon Persephone's face.
154	"Ah, my dearest," she cried, "if you had not eaten the pomegranate seeds you could stay with me, and always we should have been together.
155	But now that you have eaten food in it, the realm of Hades has a claim upon you.
156	You may not stay always with me here.
157	"Again you will have to go back and dwell in the dark places under the earth, and sit upon Hades' throne. But not always will you be there.
158	When the flowers bloom upon the earth you shall come up from the realm of darkness, and in great joy we shall go through the world together, Demeter and Persephone."
159	And so it has been since Persephone came back to her mother after having eaten the pomegranate seeds.
160	For two seasons of the year she stays with Demeter; for one season she stays with her dark lord.
161	While she is with her mother there is spring-time on the earth.
162	Demeter blesses the furrows, her heart being glad because her daughter is with her once more.
163	The furrows become heavy with grain, and soon the whole wide earth has grain and fruits, leaves and flowers.
164	When the furrows are reaped, when the grain has been gathered, when the dark season comes, then Persephone goes from her mother;
165	going down into the dark places, she sits beside her mighty lord, Hades, upon his throne.
166	Not sorrowful is she there; she sits with her head unbowed, for she knows herself to be a mighty queen.
167	She has joy, too, knowing of the seasons when she may walk with Demeter, her mother, on the wide places of the earth, through fields of flowers and fruit and ripening grain.

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The Theogony of Hesiod Index

The Theogony of Hesiod

Demeter